1	"4.1" 4.1. Understanding Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 4.2. Male Reproductive System 4.3. Female Reproductive System 4.4. Menstrual Cycle 4.5. Fertilisation and Pregnancy 4.6. Importance of Prenatal Care 4.7. Importance of Research in Human Reproduction
2	4.1 Understanding Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Process that take place in living organisms in order to perpetuate their respective species Process of producing now individuals from living organisms Process of generating offspring Biogically process that occurs in all living organisms
3	Importance of reproduction The way to increase the number of individual or offspring of the same species. Importance for the survival of all living organisms Importance to maintaining continuity of organisms without a mechanisms for reproduction, life would come to end
4	Fertilisation Fertilisation is a fusion process between a male gamete and a female gamete to produce a zygote. The are two types of fertilisation : a) internal fertilisation b) external fertilisation The internal fertilisation takes place in the body of the female animal. The male animal puts the male reproductive cell into the female reproductive system for fertilisation to take place.
5	"The external fertilisation takes place..." The external fertilisation takes place outside the body of the female animal. Ovum and sperm are produced respectively by the female and male animal at the same time into water for the fertilisation to take place. The internal fertilisation take place in mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. The external fertilisation takes place in fish, frogs and toads.
6	"Disadvantage of external fertilisation" Disadvantage of external fertilisation: a) a lot of reproductive cells need to be produced b) a lot of reproductive cells diet before fertilisation occurs c) a lot of ovum and sperms are wasted, as they are washed away by water d) the zygote or embryo produced may be eaten by other animals
7	"Reproduction are divide by two..." Reproduction are divide by two : - Sexual reproduction - Asexual reproduction
8	Sexual Reproduction Production of new individuals by the living organisms Sex cells called gametes Process of producting a new individuals through the fusion of one male reproductive cell (female gamete) to produce zygote. Zygote will develop to form a new individual.
9	"Organisms that carry out sexual..." Organisms that carry out sexual reproduction include a) human b) all vertebrate animals c) insects d) most flowering plants
10	Asexual reproduction Production of new individuals by living organisms without involving sex cells Involves one individual organisms Does not involve the fusion of male and female sex cells. No gamete involves A simple cell is divided by itself to produce an exact duplicate of an organisms. There are 5 types of asexual reproduction: binary fusion, budding, spore formation, vegetative reproduction and rejuvenation
11	"Organisms that produce asexual are..." Organisms that produce asexual are : a) paramecium b) hydra c) amoeba d) flowering and non-flowering
12	4.2 Male Reproduction System The male reproductive system functions to produce male gametes which are called sperms. The main male reproductive organs include : a) Testis b) Penis c) Scrotum d) Urethra e) Sperm duct f) Prostate gland
13	"Figure 1" Figure 1: Male reproductive organs
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15	Sperm The sperm is the smallest cell in the male body. It can move or swim on its own by moving its tail in the fluid. Each sperm has three sections; head, neck and tail. The sperm nucleus contains heredity substances that can be passed on to the next generation. Figure 2 : Structure of the sperm
16	Changes in males during puberty Puberty is the early stage of maturity in a person from a physical and spiritual perspective. At the puberty, the male will experience physical, physiological (body functions) and emotional changes. A male reaches puberty when he is about 12 to 14 years of age.
17	"At puberty" At puberty, a male will experience the following changes: a) growth of moustache and beard b) enlargement of bones and muscles c) growth of pubic and armpit hair d) Voice becomes hoarse e) testis begins to produce sperm f) begins to release semen g) begins to show interest in female
18	4.3 Female reproductive system The female reproductive system functions to produce female gametes called ovum. The main female reproductive organs include : a) ovary b) uterus c) Fallopian tube d) Vagina e) Cervix The oviduct is a narrow vessel that joins the ovary with the uterus. The Fallopian tube is the first part of the oviduct. Fetilisation occurs here.
19	"Figure 3 : Female reproductive..." Figure 3 : Female reproductive organs
20	Table 2 : Functions of the female reproductive.
21	Ovum The ovum is the largest cell in the female body. It cannot move by itself. The ovum contains nucleus, cytoplasm and a thick cell membrane. The nucleus of an ovum contains heredity substance like in the sperm nucleus. The ovum cytoplasm provides food for the development of the zygote.
22	"Figure 4 : Structure of..." Figure 4 : Structure of ovum
23	Changes in the female during puberty At puberty, the female will experience physical, physiological (body functions) and emotional changes just like the male. Puberty for the female happens when she is about 9 to 12 years of age.
24	"At the puberty" At the puberty, the female will experience the following changes: a) enlargement of breast and buttocks b) accumulation of fats under the skin c) growth of pubic and armpit hair
25	"d" d) begins to produce ovum e) begins to menstruate f) begins to show interest in male
26	4.4 Menstrual Cycle Menstruation is the bleeding or blood discharge through the cervix and vagina of the female. The menstrual discharge contains blood, dead ovum and a layer of tissue which covered the surface of the uterus wall.
27	"During the menstrual cycle" During the menstrual cycle, an ovum develops and is released. The uterus is prepared for fertilisation. If the ovum is not fertilised, the ovum, together with the uterus wall tissues and blood is eliminated from the body as menstrual discharge. About every 28 days, an ovum will be released by one ovary and will enter the Fallopian tube. The process of releasing ovum from the ovary is called ovulation.
28	"If an ovum is fetilised..." If an ovum is fetilised by a sperm, a zygote will form and develop into an embryo which will implant itself to the uterus wall. The woman is then said to be pregnant and her menstrual cycle will stop until the baby is born. If the ovum is not fertilised, it will die after 24-36 hours. The tissue layer on the thick and soft uterus wall will break off and be expelled together with blood through the vagina are menstrual discharge. The fertile phase is the period when ovulation is most likely to happen.
29	"Figure 5 : The menstrual..." Figure 5 : The menstrual cycle
30	"Figure 6 : Menstrual cycle..." Figure 6 : Menstrual cycle and the fertile phase Phase 1 : Menstruation phase – 1^st to 5^th day Phase 2 : Repair phase – 6^th to 11^th day Phase 3 : Fertile phase or ovulation phase – 12^th to 16^th day Phase 4 : Premenstrual phase – 17^th to 28^th day
31	"The fertile phase is between..." The fertile phase is between the 11^th and 17^th day, in that day, the fertilisation can occur. This period is called the fertile phase. An ovum in a female body can live for 24 to 36 hours only. Because the ovum will be released in the middle of the menstrual cycle; about the 14^th day, this means that fertilisation can occur between the 11^th and 17^th day to produce a zygote if the sperm enters the Fallopian tube.
32	"A female must take care..." A female must take care of her personal hygiene during the menstrual period and carry out daily activities as usual. When menstruation begins, a female should : a) wear a clean sanitary pad b) change the sanitary pad frequently c) bath as usual to maintain body cleanliness d) wrap used sanitary pads with a paper or plastic bag before throwing it into a closed rubbish bin.