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- 4.1. Understanding Sexual and
Asexual Reproduction
- 4.2. Male Reproductive System
- 4.3. Female Reproductive System
- 4.4. Menstrual Cycle
- 4.5. Fertilisation and Pregnancy
- 4.6. Importance of Prenatal Care
- 4.7. Importance of Research in
Human Reproduction
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- Process that take place in living organisms in order to perpetuate their
respective species
- Process of producing now individuals from living organisms
- Process of generating offspring
- Biogically process that occurs in all living organisms
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- The way to increase the number of individual or offspring of the same
species.
- Importance for the survival of all living organisms
- Importance to maintaining continuity of organisms without a mechanisms
for reproduction, life would come to end
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- Fertilisation is a fusion process between a male gamete and a female
gamete to produce a zygote.
- The are two types of fertilisation :
- a) internal fertilisation
- b) external fertilisation
- The internal fertilisation takes place in the body of the female animal.
The male animal puts the male reproductive cell into the female
reproductive system for fertilisation to take place.
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- The external fertilisation takes place outside the body of the female
animal. Ovum and sperm are produced respectively by the female and male
animal at the same time into water for the fertilisation to take place.
- The internal fertilisation take place in mammals, reptiles, birds and
insects.
- The external fertilisation takes place in fish, frogs and toads.
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- Disadvantage of external fertilisation:
- a) a lot of reproductive cells
need to be produced
- b) a lot of reproductive cells
diet before fertilisation occurs
- c) a lot of ovum and sperms are
wasted, as they are washed away
by water
- d) the zygote or embryo
produced may be eaten by other animals
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- Reproduction are divide by two :
- - Sexual reproduction
- - Asexual reproduction
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- Production of new individuals by the living organisms
- Sex cells called gametes
- Process of producting a new individuals through the fusion of one male
reproductive cell (female gamete) to produce zygote. Zygote will develop
to form a new individual.
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- Organisms that carry out sexual reproduction include
- a) human
- b) all vertebrate animals
- c) insects
- d) most flowering plants
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- Production of new individuals by living organisms without involving sex
cells
- Involves one individual organisms
- Does not involve the fusion of male and female sex cells.
- No gamete involves
- A simple cell is divided by itself to produce an exact duplicate of an
organisms.
- There are 5 types of asexual reproduction: binary fusion, budding, spore
formation, vegetative reproduction and rejuvenation
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- Organisms that produce asexual are :
- a) paramecium
- b) hydra
- c) amoeba
- d) flowering and non-flowering
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- The male reproductive system functions to produce male gametes which are
called sperms.
- The main male reproductive organs include :
- a) Testis
- b) Penis
- c) Scrotum
- d) Urethra
- e) Sperm duct
- f) Prostate gland
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- Figure 1: Male reproductive organs
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- The sperm is the smallest cell in the male body.
- It can move or swim on its
own
by moving its tail in the fluid.
- Each sperm has three sections;
head, neck and tail.
- The sperm nucleus contains
heredity substances that can be passed on to the next
generation.
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Figure 2 : Structure of the sperm
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- Puberty is the early stage of maturity in a person from a physical and
spiritual perspective.
- At the puberty, the male will experience physical, physiological (body
functions) and emotional changes.
- A male reaches puberty when he is about 12 to 14 years of age.
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- At puberty, a male will experience the following changes:
- a) growth of moustache and
beard
- b) enlargement of bones and
muscles
- c) growth of pubic and armpit
hair
- d) Voice becomes hoarse
- e) testis begins to produce
sperm
- f) begins to release semen
- g) begins to show interest in
female
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- The female reproductive system functions to produce female gametes
called ovum.
- The main female reproductive organs include :
- a) ovary
- b) uterus
- c) Fallopian tube
- d) Vagina
- e) Cervix
- The oviduct is a narrow vessel that joins the ovary with the uterus. The
Fallopian tube is the first part of the oviduct. Fetilisation occurs
here.
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- Figure 3 : Female reproductive organs
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- The ovum is the largest cell in the female body. It cannot move by
itself.
- The ovum contains nucleus, cytoplasm and a thick cell membrane.
- The nucleus of an ovum contains heredity substance like in the sperm
nucleus.
- The ovum cytoplasm provides food for the development of the zygote.
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- Figure 4 : Structure of ovum
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- At puberty, the female will experience physical, physiological (body
functions) and emotional changes just like the male.
- Puberty for the female happens when she is about 9 to 12 years of age.
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- At the puberty, the female will experience the following changes:
- a) enlargement of breast and
buttocks
- b) accumulation of fats under
the skin
- c) growth of pubic and armpit
hair
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- d) begins to produce ovum
- e) begins to menstruate
- f) begins to show interest in male
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- Menstruation is the bleeding or
blood discharge through the cervix and vagina of the female.
- The menstrual discharge contains blood, dead ovum and a layer of tissue
which covered the surface of the uterus wall.
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- During the menstrual cycle, an ovum develops and is released. The uterus
is prepared for fertilisation. If the ovum is not fertilised, the ovum,
together with the uterus wall tissues and blood is eliminated from the
body as menstrual discharge.
- About every 28 days, an ovum will be released by one ovary and will
enter the Fallopian tube. The process of releasing ovum from the ovary
is called ovulation.
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- If an ovum is fetilised by a sperm, a zygote will form and develop into
an embryo which will implant itself to the uterus wall. The woman is
then said to be pregnant and her menstrual cycle will stop until the
baby is born.
- If the ovum is not fertilised, it will die after 24-36 hours. The tissue
layer on the thick and soft uterus wall will break off and be expelled
together with blood through the vagina are menstrual discharge.
- The fertile phase is the period when ovulation is most likely to happen.
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- Figure 5 : The menstrual cycle
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- Figure 6 : Menstrual cycle and the fertile phase
- Phase 1 : Menstruation phase – 1st to 5th day
- Phase 2 : Repair phase – 6th to 11th day
- Phase 3 : Fertile phase or ovulation phase – 12th to 16th
day
- Phase 4 : Premenstrual phase – 17th to 28th day
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- The fertile phase is between the 11th and 17th
day, in that day, the fertilisation can occur. This period is called the
fertile phase.
- An ovum in a female body can live for 24 to 36 hours only. Because the
ovum will be released in the middle of the menstrual cycle; about the 14th
day, this means that fertilisation can occur between the 11th
and 17th day to produce a zygote if the sperm enters the
Fallopian tube.
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- A female must take care of her personal hygiene during the menstrual
period and carry out daily activities as usual.
- When menstruation begins, a female should :
- a) wear a clean sanitary pad
- b) change the sanitary pad
frequently
- c) bath as usual to maintain
body cleanliness
- d) wrap used sanitary pads
with a paper or plastic bag before throwing it into a closed rubbish
bin.
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